SATURDAY
14 February 2026
A Distinct Voice
Echoing Through
the Halls of
Orthodox Evolution
☕ The 2-minute Infusion — Served With a Curious Twist
🐝 The Secret Choreography of Bees: The Riddle of the Wriggle
“Performing the dance and reading the dance is entirely instinctive… how a genome programs behaviour with this level of complexity — I have absolutely no idea, and I don’t think anybody has any idea.”
— Andy Barron, Lecturer at Macquarie University.
The dance is a symphony of precision; requiring coordinated integration of multiple systems.
How did evolution craft such elaborate behaviour in these tiny creatures? Supporters of the theory claim that this dance “evolved over time”; but how was its meaning simultaneously understood by multiple bees for each progressive stage of this ostensibly long development process? How did onlooker bees manage to process, digest, decipher, and act successfully on this information? And how would they subsequently ensure this information and this behaviour were included in the genes, for the benefit of future generations of bees ... and humans?
The evolutionary claims of partial encoding (for example, providing direction without distance) would not reliably guide followers, offering no fitness benefit in intermediate forms. Similarly, the bees watching the dance who lack the ability to decode vibrations or to map angles to navigational directions would render the dance useless, creating a “chicken-and-egg” problem where neither the performer nor the interpreter could evolve independently without swift and coordinated genetic changes across the colony.
There is no evidence of transitional dance behaviours in ancestral species of bees. Additionally, the dance's calibration to environmental variables such as the sun's position and local distance evaluation, requires pre-existing genetic programming that anticipates hive conditions.
Given that natural selection is an undirected process, how did the bees' complex communication system — essential for sustaining earth's ecosystem and the life within it — really come about? — (See also the article 'Sailors of the Air — the Humble Robin' and how this tiny bird is also one of many creatures that use the principles of quantum mechanics to navigate!)
🧠 Why It Is a Challenge to Evolution
The waggle dance is not just a reflex — it’s a symbolic system. A bee encodes spatial coordinates using solar and magnetic field orientation, duration of movement, and vibration. This implies:
- Symbolic abstraction: Bees translate real-world geometry into intelligible communicative code.
- Shared understanding: Other bees decode this without training — indicating innate cognitive architecture.
- Evolutionary mystery: The dance is fully formed in honeybees, with no incremental precursors. As Andy Barron admits in the quotation above, “we still have absolutely no idea” how such a system evolved.
The waggle dance is not a clumsy improvisation of random body movements, but a symphony of precision; requiring coordinated integration of multiple systems. Every angle, vibration, and rhythm is tuned to convey precise distances and direction, a choreography that transforms the hive into a living map. Such coherence resists the story of gradual tinkering: half-developed dances would not serve any use for the colony; even if the humble bee had the ability to comprehend advanced principles such as geometry, quantum mechanics, and the meaning of the sun's position in relation to terrestrial coordinates, as well as the means by which it could communicate that understanding to its companions. Communication systems of this complexity demand completeness from their inception in order to succeed.
To call this dance an evolutionary accident is to expect us to believe that meaning itself can stumble into existence in piecemeal fashion. Yet the waggle dance comes with built-in meaning — information encoded transmitted and decoded with flawless integrity. It is not a relic of blind trial-and-error but a testament to intentional order and specific arrangement woven into the fabric of the natural world.
Thus, the bees' waggle dance stands as a serious challenge to evolutionary narratives. It's a living example of exquisite design: a reminder that the language of life is not scribbled in fragments, but inscribed whole, purposeful, and profound.
Within the bustling hive, a forager bee returns from a triumphant nectar-gathering mission, communicating the location of a rich flower patch through the intricate “waggle dance.” This remarkable dance employs:
🐝 accurately measured geometrically distinct loops,
🐝 a figure-of-eight shape that uses a mathematically precise angle signalling the exact direction,
🐝 the required amount of enthusiasm and vigour to demonstrate the quality of the target flower patch,
🐝 careful timing of the duration of the dance to indicate the distance to the food source,
🐝 sharing nectar samples to convey scent,
🐝 detection through touch, vibrations, and sounds, then using the decoded information to navigate directly to the site, even compensating for the sun's movement over time,
🐝 an intelligent interpretation and encoding of environmental data (sun azimuth, flight distance via visual cues, and quality assessment),
🐝 use of advanced quantum mechanical principles in navigation,
🐝 alignment of the vertical comb orientation of the hive with gravitational sensing,
🐝 calibration of the dancer’s multi-modal signals (visual in flight but tactile/acoustic in the hive).
Echoes Across the Domains
Mistrust in Orthodox Evolution
Why should the same design principles emerge in such radically different contexts? Why should the fractal logic of fern leafage mirror the dendritic spread of a river delta? Why should the compound eye of a fly echo the tessellated geometry of crystalline quartz? These are not superficial resemblances — they are deep symmetries; convergences of form and function that indicate a unifying grammar beneath the surface diversity.
In the architecture of nature, certain motifs recur with extraordinary fidelity — spirals in galaxies and snail shells, symmetry in snowflakes and starfish, fractal branching in veins and lightning. These patterns do not respect taxonomic boundaries or material substrates. They leap across kingdoms, classes, forms and elements, showing up in minerals, microbes, mammals, and even in the laws that govern motion, light, gravity and in the behaviour of galaxies. Their recurrence is not merely aesthetic — it's structural, functional, and mathematically precise.
Evolutionary theory attributes such similarities to convergent natural selection: the idea that similar environmental pressures sculpt similar solutions. But this explanation, elegant in its simplicity, begins to fray when the convergences span not just species or ecosystems, but entire domains of existence — when the same motifs appear in animate and inanimate matter, in biological systems and physical laws, in the microcosm and the macrocosm; e.g. when the characteristics of sexual reproduction and the maturation of young are found in every branch of Darwin's “Tree of Life.” — (See the discussion on the problems this poses for orthodox evolution in the article 'The Origin of Sexual Reproduction: A Puzzle with No Precursor' available in the book.)
This website explores these cross-domain design echoes — not as anomalies, but as clues. Clues that the universe is governed not by blind chance and incremental adaptation, but by deeper principles of order, resonance, and constraint; principles that weave a tapestry of consistent form, and a foundational framework so finely tuned that the axiom that its emergence was by accident strains the boundaries of credulity.
We will examine examples from biology, geology, physics, and cosmology — each a case study in the consistent recurrence of form. And we will ask: Did such complexity and order really arise by means of the evolutionary mechanisms of natural selection and survival of the fittest, according to the current theories of unchallenged orthodoxy? Or does the evidence point to something more — an architecture of reality that is not merely functional, but profoundly deeper than the evolutionary narratives?
🎲 The Accidental Architect — Chaos, Eloquently Explained
Evolutionary science describes mechanisms that endeavour to explain the origin of the design features in nature and the immense variety of life-forms that fill our gaze in every direction. However, there is a distinct paradox in the explanation of these mechanisms.
Evolutionists use frameworks rooted in randomness, selection, and emergent complexity to explain life and the manifold aspects of design in the cosmos — evolutionary theory seeks to account for their origin using the very processes that presuppose them (see under 'Self-Referential Dilemma — Emergence Before Mechanism' below).
(Note that this article is not a rejection of science, but a critique of the inadequate conclusions of orthodox evolution.)
✍️ When Chaos Writes Code — The Algorithm that Wrote Itself
The paradox lies in the observation that the very architectures — the ordered laws, consistent principles, fine-tuned constants, the information-rich systems — used to explain the natural phenomena around and within us, exhibit hallmarks of planning that undermine the explanations of undirected design provided in orthodox evolution.
The intelligent input that evolutionists inject into their explanatory texts, inadvertently adds weight to the idea of intentional order and planning manifest in nature.
Supporters of evolution seek to explain mechanisms — that are self-sufficient, self-repairing and persistent — using blind, directionless processes they are powerless to duplicate. Experiments that seek to match their evolutionary models only serve to prove the requirement for intentional management of ordered and formatted design — especially to the degree of the sophisticated and complex designs in nature.
🧬 The Semantics That Betray Purpose
The deeper scientists venture into molecular mechanisms, the more the lexicon resembles that of engineering, computation, authorship:
DNA is a “code” ... Ribosomes “translate” ... Enzymes “edit” ... Cells “signal.”
Additional examples include:
- “Messenger RNA” conveys the idea of purposeful delivery of information
- “Promoter regions” suggest initiation points, like a start button
- “Enhancers & silencers” imply regulatory control, akin to volume knobs or switches
- “Proofreading enzymes” suggest editorial review and correction
- “Splicing” evokes film editing and modular assembly
- “Protein folding” implies origami-like precision, foresight and purposeful structure
- “Scaffold proteins” suggest structural frameworks for organisation
- “Gene regulatory networks” suggest governance and orchestration
- “Feedback loops” imply self-regulation and adaptive control
- “Cells ‘decide’ to differentiate” suggests volition or choice
These terms are not poetic flourishes — they are embedded in the technical language of science's laboratory protocols and peer-reviewed literature.
🎩 Instructions Not Included
This semantic architecture is not neutral. It carries conceptual baggage: the implication of purpose, coordination, and teleological design. When scientists describe transcription errors (biological typos) as “mutations,” or refer to “proofreading” enzymes, or "regulatory networks," they invoke a framework that presupposes a standard, a calibrated deviation, a planned corrective mechanism that pre-empts mistakes and aberrations. These are hallmarks of systems designed with forethought.
The late Sir Francis Crick (British theoretical molecular biologist) famously remarked that “biologists must constantly keep in mind that what they see was not designed, but rather evolved.” The irony is palpable. The very need for such a disclaimer indicates that the phenomena under observation persistently evoke the appearance and notion of design. Crick’s caution is not a scientific conclusion; it's a philosophical precommitment, an appeal for readers to turn away from alternative conclusions, irrespective of the potential scientific value of those conclusions.
This linguistic paradox reveals a deeper tension: the tools of description betray the assumptions of the describer. If biology is a language, then its grammar is teleological — with characteristics of forethought — even when its authors insist otherwise.
⚛️ Cosmic Coin Toss
Beyond biology, the physical scaffolding of life presents its own conundrum. The universe appears to be exquisitely calibrated for ordered complexity. For example:
- The calibrated variable strength of gravity at every incremental distance, stretching to infinity at ever reducing values (see the article 'The Enigma of Einstein's Gravity')
- The balanced and precision calibrated strength, yet fixed range, of the strong nuclear force (which is 10³⁸ times greater than gravity)
- The precise ratio of the size of the electron to the proton
- The consistent charge of every electron in the universe
- The ratio of dark energy (ΩΛ) (or its latest theoretical equivalent)
These few examples fall within extremely narrow bands to permit the emergence of stars, chemistry, life, and consciousness. (See the article ‘Was the Universe Fine-tuned for Life?’) A slight deviation in any of these constants would render the cosmos inert or chaotic, and life impossible or meagre.
This fine-tuning problem is not merely a philosophical or theological talking point — it is a recognised puzzle in cosmology and theoretical physics. The "anthropic principle" (the idea that the universe must be the way it is — finely tuned for life — because we’re here to observe it) attempts to sidestep the issue by suggesting that "we observe a life-permitting universe because only such a universe allows observers." But this is a tautology, not an explanation. It describes the conditions that exist to permit observation, without accounting for their origin. — (See the discussion on 'Has Fine-tuning Been "Debunked"?')
🔁 Self-Referential Dilemma—Emergence Before Mechanism
One of the most profound paradoxes in evolutionary theory lies in its attempt to explain the emergence of the very mechanisms it infers — those that are said to make evolution possible.
The genetic code, the cellular machinery that interprets it, and the metabolic systems that sustain it — all must exist before natural selection can operate. Yet evolutionary theory seeks to account for their origin using the very processes that presuppose them.
This is a form of epistemic recursion: a system that supports itself by its own bootstraps (where the phrase “booting a computer” comes from), or a house that builds itself using its own blueprints. It’s akin to a book writing its own grammar, a language inventing and describing its own syntax, or a computer compiling its own operating system from raw materials.
Orthodox evolution effectively says, "life created the conditions for life," or the "brain learned to rewire itself."
The question of the origin of life is not merely a chemical conundrum — it's a problem involving symbolic logic and information management. It's a question of functional integration of multi-layered specified complexity of such extensive depth and interdependency that it defies imagination.
This self-referential dilemma demonstrates that the architecture of life cannot be reducible to a blind, undirected mechanism. Instead it reflects a deeper principle: one in which systems are not just assembled but instantiated with the capacity for perpetuity and a calibrated measure of self-transformation. In this view, evolution is not the origin of design — it's core narratives compete with the expression of a design already embedded in the fabric of the natural world.
Evolution: The Ultimate Paradox
The theory of evolution
effectively says:
"Life created the conditions
for the arrival of life"
Evolutionary theory seeks to account for the origin of design features using the very processes that presuppose them.
The intelligent input that
evolutionists develop inadvertently adds weight to the evidence
for intentional order and planning.
Evolution: A house that builds
itself using its own blueprints.
Life is instantiated with the capacity for perpetuity and self-transformation.
Darwin's Legacy: Impossible Odds Compounded
Was the emergence of life in this quiet corner of the Milky Way merely the by‑product of unguided chemistry? Within the orthodox corridors of evolutionary theory, the popular answer is often an unqualified Yes. This article contends that such confidence is premature. Drawing on empirical insights from the foundational sciences, it assembles a constellation of arguments that seriously challenge the assumptions of purely undirected origins. What emerges is a picture of life’s arrival not as an inevitable roll of nature’s dice, but as an enigma — an event whose improbabilities compound far beyond the reaches of potentiality alone.
In everyday speech we casually invoke phrases such as “one in a million” to signal the vanishingly unlikely. Yet, far more frequently, we hear the theory of evolution presented as a settled, unassailable fact — a construction placed safely beyond the reach of intellectual scrutiny. What is rarely acknowledged, however, is just how astronomically improbable the spontaneous arrival of life would be if left solely to undirected processes. Consider this: one scientific analysis estimates the total number of physical events that could have occurred since the birth of the universe to be in the order of 10^150 (that's 150 zeros) — a number so vast it defies ordinary comprehension. And yet, even this colossal number pales when set beside the following calculations:
*[Technical Note:] The odds listed here concern the origin of amino acid sequences as encoded in DNA. Inside a human cell, the machinery that selects and links amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain does not operate by random trial for each protein; it follows instructions already embedded in the genome: the codon sequence in DNA specifies exactly which amino acid is added at each step, and this is performed with the assistance of cellular machinery. This is not what the odds in the chart are based on. The cell’s translation system relies on information that is already present. The improbabilities in the above table arise, not from the routine, device-assisted action of building proteins, but from the specifications for the original amino acid sequences, and the coding of the specialised cell machinery, that were written into DNA in the first place. — (For additional technical info, see the science paper on the origin of proteins.)
These facts light the fuse that leads to the $64,000 questions: By what means did the chemistry of the cell write the code into the genome originally? Using the evolutionary model, would the cell have also encoded each unsuccessful (attempted) amino acid sequence? Surely not! But how and when was the workable successful sequence written into the permanent record of DNA to seal the mould for future offspring?
Each of the above amounts towers so far beyond the realm of statistical plausibility that they render the notion of life arising by undirected events not just highly improbable, but mathematically absurd, and in practical terms, impossible.
By way of comparison, imagine taking two decks of playing cards (containing the standard 52 cards), giving each a perfect shuffle, and then dealing them out. The probability that both decks could emerge in precisely the same order is about 1 in 10^68 — a figure so extraordinarily small that, for all practical purposes, it is treated as impossible. Yet this is a paltry amount when compared to each of the values in the above chart!
[Technical Note:] Critics of probability‑based arguments often respond that extreme improbability is not equivalent to impossibility, and dismiss such calculations as irrelevant to evolutionary theory. Yet the considerations explored in this article show that these staggering odds do not weaken the case — they intensify it, especially in view of the long evolutionary timescales (see below). When viewed in context with the surrounding argumentation, the improbabilities become more, not less, significant.
A common argument of evolutionists is that the emergence of functional proteins unfolded through “natural,” “holistic” chemical pathways that supposedly could not have produced any arrangement other than the one we observe! However, this defence presupposes the very mechanisms in question. Explanations of protein formation typically appeal to the cellular machinery that interprets, assembles, and regulates protein manufacture — machinery that is itself encoded in DNA.
This is the crucial point: The improbabilities represented in the table do not merely concern the formation of single proteins. They encompass the origin of the specialised coding system, translation apparatus, and regulatory architecture required to build these proteins in the first place. Any argument that invokes existing biological machinery to explain the emergence of that machinery exhibits circularity. (See the article 'Evolution: The Ultimate Paradox.') The following question therefore requires careful study: How did the system capable of producing such proteins work successfully before the system itself existed? The evolutionist's answer would be “by incremental changes”; but note the argumentation presented below!
Where Supercomputers Fail!
Consider this: even the above tiny subset of six of the proteins that our bodies assemble continuously — each composed of thousands of amino acids arranged in specific sequence — represents a combination so vast that it dwarfs the number of seconds since the birth of the universe!
To merely count through any one of the numbers in the chart to completion, even a modern supercomputer would require considerably more time than the age of the universe — in fact, many times over! These values don’t just challenge our intuition, they defy the very limits of practical computation. And yet in a way our cells deal with these numbers with consummate ease!
Moreover, exceptionally high improbabilities must also succeed across each of the other unlisted protein types (estimated to number somewhere between 20,000 and 100,000, with some biologists suggesting it could in fact reach into the millions of types) that our bodies assemble with transcendent ease. If, as evolutionists propose, a physical process facilitated these selections that became indelibly encoded in DNA, then it must be asked: How was this facilitating process itself developed and constructed? And why is the empirical evidence for the design of these original “assisted” selections not forthcoming?
If an intelligent rational mind is to be adequately convinced that evolutionary processes could account for the original selection of these amino acids, then either these improbabilities must be realised, not sporadically over eons of time but at the same time, or the existence of the initial complex design mechanisms must be demonstrated, not by conjecture, but using empirical science! Note that missing even a few of these proteins would result in serious consequences ranging from significantly diminished quality of life to the impossibility of life ever arising! (See the examples in the science paper under the heading 'Cellular Interdependence and Orchestration' and the chart below.) In this way, the above “odds” are compounded exponentially.
And, again, remember that we are here discussing the original development of the mechanism for building each protein type and its associated biological “machinery,” not the routine assembly of individual proteins that evolutionists refer to in response!
The work of Stephen Meyer, who obtained his PhD in the Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University, puts forward a compelling argument supporting these views when he concludes that “chance is not an adequate explanation for the origin of biological complexity and specificity.” — (See his website.)
The eons of time proposed would not enable proteins to work at the same time,
in concert.
The development of protein manufacturing is not merely a case of handling random events; it involves the exponential compounding of incredibly high improbabilities and applying complex order and specific arrangement to many connected layers of functionality. The vast geological timescales invoked by evolutionary theory offer no refuge here, inasmuch as far too many of our proteins are interdependent, mutually reliant, and therefore must function simultaneously within the cell to be of any value to the body. The eons of time proposed in the evolutionary narratives would not enable these proteins to fulfil their respective tasks in concert: The development of each of these proteins must be completed at the same time! (For a technical view, see the science paper under the heading 'Cellular Interdependence and Orchestration' and the chart below.) Even if we assume that multiple “successive, slight modifications” (as Charles Darwin put it in Origin of Species) could somehow accomplish this specified orchestration, the vast evolutionary ages would not be long enough for even a fractional success!
A Walk Around the Galaxy!
But the above extraordinary odds are in fact a walk in the park compared to what happens next! The amino acid selection process is overshadowed by the complexity of three-dimensional folding. Proteins do not remain as linear strings, but each one must be folded into a unique 3D shape before it can begin its assigned tasks within the cell. It is estimated that our sun takes around 250 million years to orbit around the centre of the Milky Way. This means it has only had 20 galactic years in its lifetime. If the effort of selecting the correct amino acid sequences for the multiple proteins in the body is likened to a walk in the park, then this next phase is like a walk around the galaxy!
The protein Titin — a single molecule!
Protein manufacture is thus a two-stage process: (a) linking the correct sequence of amino acids into an irregular linear chain, then (b) folding this chain into a specific shape. This second phase is so complex that the AlphaFold project — an international collaboration of many scientists (now more than two million) along with a team of computer programmers — has spent years calculating how to theoretically achieve what the cell actually achieves instantaneously, quintillions of times per second in our many cells! (Note: the yet more intricate Part (c) is outlined later!)
Proteins and Synchronous Functionality
As noted, evolutionists theorise that complexity emerged over vast stretches of time, with “numerous, successive, slight modifications." As the arrangement of the original amino acid sequences are assumed to have been undirected, the burning question is: Why, in the earlier stages, would evolution “select” a redundant string of amino acids? Without the subsequent — and highly complex, specific — 3D folding process that transforms these irregular linear chains into functional proteins, such strings would offer no utility to the organism. For this reason, asserting that undirected evolution gradually assembled the machinery for protein synthesis only deepens the enigma. Until the completed architecture of the folding mechanism was established, the chain of half-formed polypeptides were biologically inert, offering nothing useful. It's like a factory that manufactures sophisticated vehicles gathering millions of components to build a spacecraft, without the engineers knowing how to put the pieces together, or even what each finished part will do functionally!
(See the science paper for further information — Use of this chart in any publication must include the website information and source.)
No Feedback Mechanism = No Re-configuration Attempts
The above considerations lead us to additional pointed questions: Why do our bodies no longer make multiple protein re-configuration attempts? Is it not because each protein is a finished product? Inasmuch as evolutionists theorise that the original protein development was not by trial-and-error (as the above table 'Protein Manufacture in the Body' shows): How did evolution seemingly “know” that it had succeeded in arriving at each “finished product” by establishing the correct formation for each of these protein types; during the eons of gradual evolution, and the many unsuccessful attempts at the original protein development mechanism, how could it be ascertained that success had been achieved for each construction? That is, by what feedback mechanism did successful construction seal the established design of each of these components, so that further configuration changes (“numerous, successive, slight modifications") were no longer made? The alternative is for evolution to somehow possess knowledge, to “know” the precise amino acid sequence followed by the particular folding mechanism in order to adequately fulfil each protein type's target function! Is it not clear that a blind process could not have the capacity to “anticipate” the required function for each protein?
And, again, remember that we are here discussing the original development of the mechanism for building each protein type, not the routine assembly of individual proteins that evolutionists often return to!
The successful solution, to both the required sequence of amino acids and the correct folding algorithm to provide every protein with its final 3D form, is no small accomplishment. Yet a final hurdle remains, which makes the first two phases themselves, even when combined, seem like “a walk in the park”! How did evolution convert these established creation mechanisms into the required code for the cell's DNA to use multiple procedures that were to become permanent for every protein type and each appropriate cell?
Let us take a detour for a few moments to investigate the implications lurking within the standard evolutionary narratives:
If undirected events were truly involved in this process, we're left to envision evolution tirelessly reconfiguring a protein until, by chance, a viable structure materialises. But ponder for a moment on this thought: What is it that prompts these attempts to be made at all? What cellular mechanism would drive the generation of multiple new amino-acid-chains without an inkling that a successful functional outcome awaits to reward these considerable efforts? The theory posits that countless non-viable sequences must have arisen — each a biochemical cul-de-sac, discarded in the march toward success.
Let's explore further: Did evolution implicitly "know" that a particular target — a novel protein type — lay hidden, that would not only prove beneficial to the cell but vital to its functionality? Was there, on some level, an awareness of the *need* for a protein of a specific design? Evolutionary theorists would not contemplate such a possibility!
In the absence of intentional construction, this leaves randomness as the principle mechanism. But what of the immense volume of non-functional amino-acid strings produced en route? Were they synthesised, folded, tested and, upon failure, purged one after another? Did cells persistently experiment with random chains because a useful component would inevitably emerge? Would a component that is merely “useful” even suffice? All proteins perform a specific function for the cell, and yet there are no proteins whose functionality is superfluous to it. Take titin discussed earlier, the colossal muscle protein consisting of more than 30,000 amino acids in its longest human isoform. The explosion of possibilities for such a sequence — on the order of one chance in 10^44,000 — dwarfs even cosmic scales, implying an untenable cascade of failed trials that would swamp cells with dysfunctional debris.
Does this evolutionary depiction of protein development origins — an unrelenting torrent of random sequences, fruitless experiments, and molecular waste — genuinely square with the genesis of our body's intricate and comprehensive collection of proteins? Or does it expose a profound puzzle at evolution's core, where the compounded improbabilities strain credulity, especially amid claims of gradual, selected refinements occurring over vast stretches of time?
DNA has no chemical laboratory testing equipment or feedback mechanisms, it's an accomplished information repository; the genome is not an architect, it's an archive; and evolution is not a designer — it does not aim, foresee, or intend!
Could this factory succeed if the engineers had no idea how to assemble the
completed pieces, nor what each component's function is going to be?
The conceptual image here, of a large factory floor strewn with disconnected machinery, structures and parts, offers only a crude reflection of the complexity within a living cell; each cell in its own turn being a single contributor among trillions that comprise our bodies. In this section, we have focused solely on proteins; yet proteins are just one class of actors in a cellular drama teeming with specialised components, each with its own role to play in the choreography of life. Within the cell, countless other ingredients must find their place in this molecular metropolis: enzymes, histones, ribosomes, endosomes, melanosomes, chromatin, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, centrosomes, centrioles, vacuoles, microvilli, cilia, flagella, chloroplasts, plastids, etc. — with more components even now being continually discovered in the field of microbiology.
Evolutionary biologists are endeavouring to unravel all the functions and interactions of proteins — yet even the question of the full number of these parts remains elusive (possibly reaching into the millions of types); and the successful orchestration of their combined functionality remains beyond any laboratory or computer replication!
The cell is not merely complex, it is coherent — a system whose unity defies reduction, whose parts do not merely coexist but function harmoniously. It is not a random collection of fortuitous mechanisms, but a choreography of essential and coherent interactive functions that serve an overall purpose: the maintenance of the conscious life to which they belong.
These impossible odds and the associated empirical facts included in this article, fly in the face of the proposition that proteins arrived by undirected events!
And finally, the above considerations are merely a drop in the ocean of improbabilities that permeate the cosmos, the solar system, the earth, and the biology of life. To accept the evolutionary narratives in the face of such compounded interdependent organised complexity, is to stretch plausibility in multiple directions light-years beyond the boundaries of reasonable inference.
(If you are a student in the field of biology or cosmology or another branch of physics, you may wish to review our paper which forms the scientific basis for this article.)
