The Quiz

1. Probability, Information, and Computation

• Assuming optimal conditions, how long would it take the fastest modern supercomputer to count sequentially from 1 to 10^{300}?
• How does a human cell navigate this astronomical amount instantly when folding proteins?
• What empirical evidence exists for the gradual, unguided development of the protein-building mechanism itself?
• During evolutionary time, how would an undirected process recognise when a correctly functioning protein-folding solution had been achieved?
• Without a feedback mechanism, how could evolution “select” for correct protein configurations among astronomically many possibilities?

2. Functional Specificity in Biology

• Each protein type performs a specific, non-redundant function. But how would an unguided process determine the target functionality for each protein?
• Considering the neurons in the human brain: How did evolution produce and coordinate the millions of vital microtubules (organic scaffolding) per cell that are built, destroyed, and rebuilt in a microsecond, on demand?
• How did natural selection calibrate the full set of sensory receptors across the 100,000 miles of nerve fibres?
• How could a non-sentient process, devoid of feelings, “program” the brain to interpret and use this sensory information?
• How was this programming encoded into DNA for every developing human embryo?

3. Multi‑Organ Coordination

• How did evolution coordinate the simultaneous development of the essential organs required for blood production and maintenance (including heart, lungs, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, lymph nodes, thymus gland, bone marrow, digestive system)?
• How was the development of the essential interdependent organs involved in digestion synchronised to produce a coherent system (mouth, tongue, teeth, pharynx, saliva glands, oesophagus, liver, gall bladder, stomach, microbiomes, jejunum, duodenum, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, small/large intestines, villi)?
• How did natural selection arrange the growth and precise micro‑scale positioning of the body’s 100,000 miles of blood vessels to enable a comprehensive blood supply?
• How did circulation function before the vascular system development was complete?
• How did the stomach evolve simultaneous communication with the brain, pancreas, liver, and intestines?
• How were the above features written into the instructional code of DNA?

4. Evolutionary Pathways and Missing Intermediates

• How did evolution determine the anatomical requirements for flight, for example the use of hollow bones in specific locations contrasted with solid bones in others?
• If these features arose gradually, why does the fossil record not show the expected multitude of transitional forms?
• How did the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) system evolve in incremental steps when intermediate stages would not yet produce usable energy?
• If the ETC evolved over long periods, where is the empirical evidence for alternative high‑energy‑producing pathways?
• How did the cell begin constructing the ETC before the energy required to build it was available?
• How were the above features written into the instructional code of DNA?

5. Cosmology and Fundamental Constants

• Scientists theorise about the origin of matter, but where did the laws governing that matter originate?
• If matter and energy are interchangeable, what was the source of the initial energy that produced the universe?
• How were the laws and parameters that stabilise galaxies coordinated?
• How were the principles established that prevent most stars from growing too large?
• How did our earth come to have such unusually high concentrations of life-essential heavy elements (in greater quantities than those of our own sun) despite residing in a “quiet” low supernova region of the galaxy?

6. Human Anatomy and Functional Design

• How were the arrangement, pairing, and functional matching of human teeth (left-side, right-side, upper jaw, lower jaw) coordinated?
• How did evolution determine the ideal sensitivity gradients along our 7‑metre digestive tract?

7. Epistemology of Evolutionary Claims

• What distinguishes empirical evidence from narrative reconstruction in evolutionary explanations?
• How do evolutionists differentiate between mechanisms that are observed and those that are inferred?
• What are the limits of historical science when dealing with unrepeatable events?

8. Information Theory

• What is the origin of the algorithmic information encoded in DNA?
• How does an unguided process generate prescriptive, functional information rather than random sequences?
• What is the minimum informational threshold for a self‑replicating system?

9. Systems Engineering Perspective

• What engineering principles (feedback loops, error correction, regulation, calibration, redundancy, modularity) are present in biological systems, and how do they arise without foresight?
• How does evolution avoid dead‑ends when multiple components must co‑evolve simultaneously?
• Why are the copious amounts of these dead-ends absent from the fossil record?

10. Comparative Design Analysis

• How do biological systems compare to human-engineered systems in terms of optimisation, error correction, self-replication, self-regulation, and efficiency?
• Why do biological systems often exceed the performance of human-engineered systems by orders of magnitude (for example photosynthesis)?